For this experiment I placed 8 oz of milk, fat free because it was all that I had available, in a glass jar and let sit in a dark warm place for about 3 days.
Hypothesis:
I believe the bacteria in the milk are going to wake up and consume the lactose making the milk less sweet and more sour. A separation of protein and liquid should occur making “curdle”.
Observations:
After day 1 I could see no visible changes in the milk.
After day 3 a noticeable separation of liquid and protein occurred as well as a strong sour smell.
Some possible factors that could have effected the experiment were the temperature in the room. Also another factor was using fat free milk as using another kind of milk could have different results. I observed a total separation of liquid and protein as well as a strong sour smell. My hypothesis is that the bacteria present in the milk was no longer asleep from the cold and started consuming the carbohydrates at a rapid rate producing lactic acid and a separation of protein and water.
One way I could test my hypothesis is to somehow record the amount of sugars present in the milk before and after the experiment.
Part 2 Juice
Room temperature water:
I observed the juice mixing with the water with a tendency to settle a little lower than the water.
Ice water:
I observed the juice mixing with the water much slower as well as a larger tendency to settle at the bottom and avoid the ice cubes at the top. In ice water the molecule have slowed down and in the actual ice have much stronger bonds. This makes the diffusion process slower.
Boiling water:
There seemed to be a lot more action and swirling when I poured the juice in which lead to a quicker rate of mixing. In boiling water the molecules are moving about rapidly thus making the diffusion process faster and easier.
Part 3 Carrot
Pour two cups of room temperature water into two jars or cups.
Add two teaspoons of salt into one and label it "Salt Water.”
Label the other cup "Fresh Water."
Cut a fresh carrot in half.
Measure the length and width of both pieces and record in Table 1.
Tie a piece of string just below the cut side of the carrot on both pieces.
Tie the string tightly.
Set one carrot with the cut-end side down into one cup and the other with the cut-end side down in the second cup.
Leave the carrots in the jars for 24 hours.
Remove the carrots.
Re-measure the carrots and record the findings in Table 1.
12. After both carrots had been soaking for 24 hours a noticeable change in string had been detected.
The string attached the carrot in the salt water has gotten considerably looser and slipped off of the carrot easily.
13. The texture of the carrot in the fresh water had not changed. The texture of the carrot in the salt water has gotten much softer. It was easy to bend and soft to the touch.
Carrot before putting in salt water: Length-9.75, Width-5.25
Carrot before putting in fresh water: Length-9.5, Width-4.5
Carrot after time in salt water: Length-9.25, Width-5
Carrot after time in fresh water: Length-9.5, Width-4.5
Explanation:
The carrot placed in salt water solution had changed considerably. By mixing the solute salt into a water solvent I made a salt water solution creating a hypertonic state. The hypotonic state in the fresh water caused no noticeable changes to occur in the carrot.
Part 4 Organelles and Illness.
Patient 1
History:
Seven year-old male
Fatigue
Muscle Weakness
Low endurance
Loss of coordination
Progressive difficulty walking
Physical Examination:
Muscle loss & deformity
Awkward gait
Difficulty breathing
Laboratory Results:
Cells have abnormal shape
Cells division is abnormal
Impaired intracellular movement of materials
The malfunctioning Organelle appears to be Cytoskeleton. The Cytoskeleton is located throughout our cells and is essentially our cells framework and supports the cells structure. An abnormal Cytoskeleton disrupts the division process causing an unusual shape of cells to take place which can be seen through a microscope. This is causing the patients muscle weakness, difficulty breathing, and low endurance.
Patient 2
History:
55 year-old female
Excellent health to date
Fatigue
Headaches
Excessive salivation
Nausea
Vomiting
Diarrhea
Vertigo
Abdominal Pain
Weight Loss
Psychological Stress
Marital Stress
Physical Examination:
Swelling of eyelids
Partial limb paralysis
Hyperkeratosis (increased pigmentation) of the skin on the palms & soles
White banding on fingernails
Muscle weakness
Laboratory Results
Low levels of ATP production
Unusually high levels of arsenic
Abnormal levels of cell death-not due to apoptosis (programmed cell death) - rather cell death appears to be due to lack of energy to maintain homeostasis due to low levels of ATP
The malfunctioning Organelle appears to be a malfunctioning mitochondria. ATP is the source of energy for all cells and is produced by the mitochondria. Arsenic greatly diminishes the ATP production. Disease of the mitochondria can cause spontaneous muscle movements leading to vomiting and diarrhea.
Patient 3
History:
2-day old male
Low birth-weight (4 lbs 5 ounces)
Dificulty suckling/swallowing
Seizures
Gastrointestinal bleeding
Physical Examination:
Enlarged liver
Low muscle tone/inability to move
Glaucoma
Facial deformities
Impaired hearing
Jaundice skin
Laboratory Results:
High levels of Hydrogen peroxide in cells
High levels of fats and amino acids in cells
The Malfunctioning Organelle appears to be Peroxisome which are responsible for the breakdown of fats, amino acids, and the overall removal of toxic waste produced by cells. When Peroxisomes are malfunctioning waste can not be removed as efficiently leading to an enlarged liver and elevated hydrogen peroxide levels.
Patient 4
History:
42 year-old male
No major health issue to date
Notable increase in weight over past month- gain of 17 pounds
Recent lethargy
Patient is on a new eating regimen-everymeal is from a “fast-food” restaurant
Physical Examination:
Enlarged liver
Muscle weakness
Laboratory Results:
Negavtive for hepatitis
Excessive glycogen granules in liver
High levels of fat in liver-abnormal fat metabolism
Low testosterone levels
Abnormal cell calcium balance
The Malfunctioning Organelle appears to be the smooth endoplasmic reticulum which is responsible for the breakdown of fats into hormones. The patients diet of fast food is full of excessive amounts of unhealthy fats that are unable to be broken down and being stored in his liver. Since testosterone is manufactured from fats and the patients inability to process them it has lead to his low testosterone levels also leading to muscle weakness.
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