Tissues Worksheet:

A. Matching.

1. Epithelium tissue  forms membranes.
2. Muscle tissue  allows movement of limbs and for organ movements within the body.
3. Connective tissue function is to support cells.
4. Nervous tissue function is to communicate.
5. Epithelium tissue is to protect and line.
6. Nervous tissue uses electrochemical signals to carry out its functions.
7. Connective tissue supports and reinforces the body organs.
8. Epithelium tissue cells of this tissue may absorb and/or secrete substances.
9. Nervous tissue basis of the major controlling system of the body.
10. Muscle tissue its cells shorten to exert force.
11. Epithelium tissue forms endocrine and exocrine glands.
12. Connective tissue  surrounds and cushions body organs.
13. Muscle tissue function is to contract and move body.
14. Connective characterized by having large amounts of extracellular material.
15. Muscle tissue allows you to smile, grasp, swim, ski, and throw a ball.
16. Connective tissue is widely distributed; found in bones, cartilages, and fat deposits.
Nervous tissue forms the brain and spinal cord.

B. Rewrite the following sentences/questions and include your response either within the sentence or after the question.

1. A tissue is a collection of cells.

2. The four major tissue types are epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous.

3. The inside of blood vessels is lined with squamous epithelium.

4. The urinary system is lined with traditional epithelium.

5. Where is the simple columnar epithelium found? In the lining of the small intestine.

6. Stratified epithelia consists of several layers of cells.

7. Transitional epithelium allows the bladder to stretch.

8. Stratified squamous epithelium does NOT OCCUR in the lining of the stomach.

9. The surface cells of stratified squamous epithelium are continually being shed from the surface.

10. Which of the following are NOT connective tissues? Saliva does not consists of any connective tissue.

11. Which of the following muscle has branched fibers intercalated discs between adjacent cells and contract automatically? The cardiac muscle.

12. Which of the following muscle tissues has long fibers and nuclei on the surface? Striated voluntary muscle.
Which muscle tissue moves bones? The striated voluntary muscle.

13. Which muscle tissue is found in blood vessel walls, in the gut wall and in the glands? The smooth involuntary muscle.

C. Rewrite these sentences and fill in the blanks with the correct answer.

1. Connective Tissue consists of many cells with little intercellular substances.

2. Epithelial Tissue is penetrated by blood vessels.

3. Connective Tissue does not cover body surfaces or line passageways and cavities; but is more internally located; binds, supports, and protects.

D. Rewrite these sentences and fill in the blank with connective tissue types elastic, fibrous, hyaline.

1. Fibrous Connective Tissue is found where strength and rigidity are needed, as in discs between vertebrae and the symphysis pubis.

2. White, glossy cartilage covering ends of bones, covering ends of ribs, and giving stregth to nose, larynx, and trachea, is known as Hyaline Connective Tissue.

3. Elastic Connective Tissue provides strength and flexibility, as in external part of the ear.

E. Rewrite these sentences and fill in the blanks with the muscle tissue types cardiac, smooth, or skeletal.

1. Tissue forming the walls of the heart is Cardiac Tissue.

2. Skeletal Tissue is attached to bones.

3. Spindle-shaped cells with ends tapering to points are Smooth Tissue.

4. Cardiac Tissue contains intercalated discs and gap junctions.

5. Smooth Tissue is found in the walls of intestine, urinary bladder, and blood vessels.

6. Skeletal Tissue cells are multinucleate.

Tissue Lab:

This slide represents an epithelium pseudo stratified with a columnar cell shape. The picture appears to have cilia on top of a basement membrane.

B. This slide shows an epithelium tissue with a stratified squamous shape of the cells as well as a basement membrane on the bottom.

C. This slide represents muscle tissue because of the single nucleus and straight muscle cells.

D. This slide shows connective tissue due to the large presence of extracellular fluid and little nuclei.

E. This slide shows nervous tissue and the dendrites that carry signals towards the cell body.


Bone Basics Lab:


Microscopic Bone Anatomy

Write the function for these bone tissue structures.

1. The function of the Bone Canaliculi is to carry nutrients, oxygen, and CO2 towards and away from Osteocytes.

2. The function of the Central Canal is to transport blood vessels, nerves, and lymph through the bone and rungs parallel to the length of the bone axis.

3. The lamellae function is for strengthening and reinforcing bone and tissue.

4. The function of the Lacune is to contain cartilage and bone cells.

Define these terms.

Osteoclast- A bone cell that resorbs boney tissue, used in the maintenance and repair of bones.

Osteoblast- Cells with single nuclei that synthesize bone

Osteocytel- A star shaped cell found in mature bone to maintain structure as well as carry nutrients.




Skeleton Palpating

    Zygomatic bone and arch

 Mastoid Process

 Temporomandibular

Mandibular Angle

















Your personal bones.


I guess I didn’t realize until now that I am mostly unfamiliar with all my bones. I broke my clavicle once and then re fractured it a few weeks later so I am slightly familiar with that bone. I know that it is a long thin bone that runs along the top of the shoulder. I am pretty sure it is attached to the rib cage and it is also attached the the scapula. I learned in this assignment that it attaches to the sternum. The bone helps to rotate the shoulder. I know that it is a hard bone to treat when broken because it is a hard spot to put a cast over so I just had to wear a sling until it healed.

A bone or groups of bones that I am unfamiliar with and would like to learn more about is the spine and skull. I have heard a bit about the skull from my chiropractor. From what I remember the the skull has plates that can shift around and are known as the temporal, frontal, parietal, and occipital lobe. There is also a couple bones called the zygomatic and sphenoid that sit basically in the middle of the head and can even be moved through a procedure called bilateral nasal specific. I believe that the skull attaches to the spine by a bone called the cranium.

6A Reservoirs on the Colorado River.

Stop and Think:

1. Consider what the “squiggly lines” on the graphs of page 2 in the “How Low Can it Go?” article really mean…Use the graph of Lake Mead levels to describe a brief history of the reservoir. Tell when and how the reservoir got started, how long it took to fill, and mention events that affected its level.

The rise and fall of water levels are represented by “squiggly lines” in the article title “How Low Can it Go?” The Hoover Dam was built to keep the Colorado River full by creating basins to contain water such as Lake Mead.

1931-Started the Hoover Dam

1937- Filling of Lake Mead

1942- 95% capacity

1950- Several year drought

1967- Lake Powell was created in 1967

1999- Lake Mead at 95% capacity

2000’s- stead decline due to drought and human population growth. Down to 54%

2. Beginning in 1964, how long did it take to capture enough water to fill both of the large reservoirs?

It took from 1964 to 1990 for Lake Powell to reach its maximum capacity and it took 19 years for Lake Mead to reach its capacity.

3. The levels of Lake Powell and Lake Mead both show steep declines in the past decade. What are the two things that control the level of a reservoir?
The two main contributors to a reservoir are rainfall and human use.

6B What’s Responsible for Lower Reservoirs Levels?

Stop and Think

4. Compare snowpack in a watershed to a dam on a river. How are they alike? How are they different?

A snowpack is similar to a dam on a river in that they both hold water for future needs. A snowpack is different because we have a lot less control over the release and accumulation of water.

5. What effect does the El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) have on water supplies to the Colorado River Basin?

The El Nino Southern Oscillation effects mostly the lower basins and not really much of the upper basins.

6. How does increasing population of sunbelt cities in the Lower Colorado River Basin contribute to lowering reservoir levels?

Water usage increases as population increases which leads to depletion of the reservoir levels in the Lower Colorado River Basin. The amount of water used exceeds the reservoirs sustainable yield.

7. In your own words, describe what’s responsible for lower reservoir levels in the Colorado River Basin.

The lower reservoir levels in the Colorado River Basin can be thought of as analogous to the issues within a “Tragedy of the Commons” phenomena. Human population in the surrounding areas are ever increasing while using the Basin for agriculture, electrify, and the basic human needs for water. The current drought is an important factor in the overall availability of water from the Colorado River and have increased the rate of the positive feedback loop of water storage in the River Basin.

8. List at least 3 possible impacts of the decline in water storage in the Colorado River.

Without water from the Colorado River many people in the surrounding states would go without electricity.
Many wildlife, including native fish, would be at risk for extinction due there dependency on the water.
Most of the South West would eventually be subject to “dustbowl” conditions.

6C: Can the River Continue to Meet Demand for Water?

Checking in

Describe the trend of water use in the states of Arizona, California, Nevada, and the country of Mexico.

The trend of water use in the South West has increased dramatically. Arizona uses almost 3 million acre feet per year of water while California uses over 5 million acre feet of water. Nevada uses 300,000 and started in 1942 using 2,472 acre feet of water.

How does water use in the states compare to the natural flow of the Colorado River (see graph in Part B) over the same time period?

The amount of water used in the states exceeds the sustainable yield of Colorado River’s natural flow.


Stop and Think

9. Calculate the percent increase in AZ water consumption between the years 1906 and 2008.

The increase of water consumption between the years of 1914 to 2008 was 385%

10. Based on the data in this section, describe what do you think will happen if the consumption  of Colorado River Water continues to grow at its present rate. Have we reached the carrying capacity of watershed?

A water shortage scenario is highly probably in the near future. As long as the drought continues and the human consumption stays the same or increases the water is eventually going to run out.

Checking In

How might the change in water levels affect you as a recreational boater? Give a specific example, naming features that are labeled in the pair of images.

If I were a recreational boater I would be severely effected by the water levels not allowing me to boat or have to move locations because of the Las Vegas Bay Marina and Lake Mead Marina dealing with lower water levels.

Stop and Think

11. Given that long term changes in climate are reducing inflows into the reservoir, and that outflows, through the Hoover Dam are growing to meet demand by an increasing population, what is the projected result in the reservoir? What would you need to know in order to predict the date of the result?

To predict a projected result of a reservoir one would need exactly how much is being used currently as well as the expected increase in human population as this would increase the total output. By the year 2050 the projected results of the average flow will reduce by 35 percent.

12. Based on the data you examined in this lesson as well as other sources, do you think that reservoirs in arid lands prevent or merely postpone water shortages?

I believe that reservoirs merely postpone water shortages. Its like the saying goes “You give a man a fish he can eat for a night, but if you teach a man to fish he can eat for a lifetime.” By giving people water and not making them aware of the possible shortage scenario all we are doing is teaching them to use water although if come up with a long term solution that involves everyone then maybe we can secure water for future use.


6D Stop and Think

13. List the title of the photograph you chose and write a short paragraph to summarize the issue it illustrates.

The photo I chose was the first one showing a helicopter dumping water on a forest fire. This fire is a result of several years of very little rain creating a perfect forest fire environment. The use of water to put out a fire is a unforeseen scenario that should be included in the water usage out of the reservoirs where it was most likely procured from. This fire happened to be in the same year as the one I experienced in Sedona Arizona. It was a very nerve racking time seeing the mountains on fire and knowing the potential to evacuate was highly likely.

14. Summarize the positive outlook with which the researchers end the article.

New technology has been developed and is in the process of being implemented. This new information can help us secure water levels in reservoirs and manage water usage more efficiently. The researchers end on a positive outlook for ensuring the survival of water for the entire Southwest.
 
Work Cited

http://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/06/us/colorado-river-drought-forces-a-painful-reckoning-for-states.html?_r=0

http://www.usbr.gov/

http://www.lakepowell.org/page_two/information/Lake_Powell_Facts/lake_powell_facts.html

BIO156 Structure Funciton of Cells

Part 1 Milk

For this experiment I placed 8 oz of milk, fat free because it was all that I had available, in a glass jar and let sit in a dark warm place for about 3 days.

Hypothesis:
I believe the bacteria in the milk are going to wake up and consume the lactose making the milk less sweet and more sour. A separation of protein and liquid should occur making “curdle”.

Observations:

After day 1 I could see no visible changes in the milk.

After day 3 a noticeable separation of liquid and protein occurred as well as a strong sour smell.

Some possible factors that could have effected the experiment were the temperature in the room. Also another factor was using fat free milk as using another kind of milk could have different results. I observed a total separation of liquid and protein as well as a strong sour smell. My hypothesis is that the bacteria present in the milk was no longer asleep from the cold and started consuming the carbohydrates at a rapid rate producing lactic acid and a separation of protein and water.

One way I could test my hypothesis is to somehow record the amount of sugars present in the milk before and after the experiment.

Part 2 Juice

Room temperature water:

I observed the juice mixing with the water with a tendency to settle a little lower than the water.

Ice water:

I observed the juice mixing with the water much slower as well as a larger tendency to settle at the bottom and avoid the ice cubes at the top. In ice water the molecule have slowed down and in the actual ice have much stronger bonds. This makes the diffusion process slower.

Boiling water:

There seemed to be a lot more action and swirling when I poured the juice in which lead to a quicker rate of mixing. In boiling water the molecules are moving about rapidly thus making the diffusion process faster and easier.




Part 3 Carrot

Pour two cups of room temperature water into two jars or cups.
Add two teaspoons of salt into one and label it "Salt Water.”
Label the other cup "Fresh Water."
Cut a fresh carrot in half.
Measure the length and width of both pieces and record in Table 1.
Tie a piece of string just below the cut side of the carrot on both pieces.
Tie the string tightly.
Set one carrot with the cut-end side down into one cup and the other with the cut-end side down in the second cup. 
Leave the carrots in the jars for 24 hours.
Remove the carrots.
Re-measure the carrots and record the findings in Table 1.

12. After both carrots had been soaking for 24 hours a noticeable change in string had been detected.
The string attached the carrot in the salt water has gotten considerably looser and slipped off of the carrot easily.
13. The texture of the carrot in the fresh water had not changed. The texture of the carrot in the salt water has gotten much softer. It was easy to bend and soft to the touch.

Carrot before putting in salt water: Length-9.75, Width-5.25
Carrot before putting in fresh water: Length-9.5, Width-4.5
Carrot after time in salt water: Length-9.25, Width-5
Carrot after time in fresh water: Length-9.5, Width-4.5

Explanation:

The carrot placed in salt water solution had changed considerably. By mixing the solute salt into a water solvent I made a salt water solution creating a hypertonic state. The hypotonic state in the fresh water caused no noticeable changes to occur in the carrot.

Part 4 Organelles and Illness.


Patient 1

History:

Seven year-old male
Fatigue
Muscle Weakness
Low endurance
Loss of coordination
Progressive difficulty walking

Physical Examination:

Muscle loss & deformity
Awkward gait
Difficulty breathing

Laboratory Results:

Cells have abnormal shape
Cells division is abnormal
Impaired intracellular movement of materials

The malfunctioning Organelle appears to be Cytoskeleton. The Cytoskeleton is located throughout our cells and is essentially our cells framework and supports the cells structure. An abnormal Cytoskeleton disrupts the division process causing an unusual shape of cells to take place which can be seen through a microscope. This is causing the patients muscle weakness, difficulty breathing, and low endurance.

Patient 2

History:

55 year-old female
Excellent health to date
Fatigue
Headaches
Excessive salivation
Nausea
Vomiting
Diarrhea
Vertigo
Abdominal Pain
Weight Loss
Psychological Stress
Marital Stress


Physical Examination:

Swelling of eyelids
Partial limb paralysis
Hyperkeratosis (increased pigmentation) of the skin on the palms & soles
White banding on fingernails
Muscle weakness
Laboratory Results
Low levels of ATP production
Unusually high levels of arsenic
Abnormal levels of cell death-not due to apoptosis (programmed cell death) - rather cell death appears to be due to lack of energy to maintain homeostasis due to low levels of ATP

The malfunctioning Organelle appears to be a malfunctioning mitochondria. ATP is the source of energy for all cells and is produced by the mitochondria. Arsenic greatly diminishes the ATP production. Disease of the mitochondria can cause spontaneous muscle movements leading to vomiting and diarrhea.

Patient 3

History:

2-day old male
Low birth-weight (4 lbs 5 ounces)
Dificulty suckling/swallowing
Seizures
Gastrointestinal bleeding

Physical Examination:

Enlarged liver
Low muscle tone/inability to move
Glaucoma
Facial deformities
Impaired hearing
Jaundice skin

Laboratory Results:

High levels of Hydrogen peroxide in cells
High levels of fats and amino acids in cells

The Malfunctioning Organelle appears to be Peroxisome which are responsible for the breakdown of fats, amino acids, and the overall removal of toxic waste produced by cells. When Peroxisomes are malfunctioning waste can not be removed as efficiently leading to an enlarged liver and elevated hydrogen peroxide levels.

Patient 4

History:

42 year-old male
No major health issue to date
Notable increase in weight over past month- gain of 17 pounds
Recent lethargy
Patient is on a new eating regimen-everymeal is from a “fast-food” restaurant

Physical Examination:
Enlarged liver
Muscle weakness

Laboratory Results:

Negavtive for hepatitis
Excessive glycogen granules in liver
High levels of fat in liver-abnormal fat metabolism
Low testosterone levels
Abnormal cell calcium balance

The Malfunctioning Organelle appears to be the smooth endoplasmic reticulum which is responsible for the breakdown of fats into hormones. The patients diet of fast food is full of excessive amounts of unhealthy fats that are unable to be broken down and being stored in his liver. Since testosterone is manufactured from fats and the patients inability to process them it has lead to his low testosterone levels also leading to muscle weakness.

BIO 105 Ecosystems Lab

 Rainforest

1. What is the function of the Center for Tropical Forest Science (CTFS)?
A group who study the rainforest of the world who work together to find out how rain forests function and how they are going to change for in the future.

2. Why are the trees given the title of “engineers” of the tropical rain forest? Trees provide the habitat that all organisms depend on. Trees create the structure in the forest and are central to the ecosystem.

3. Why does a high-density species suffer greater mortality rates than rare density species?
High-density species, or common species, have many pathogens that have adapted to it and are more likely to get attacked and die more often also known as density-dependent processes.

4. Why do tropical rain forests have such immense diversity? How do they maintain their diversity? Each species of trees create a special environment for many different kinds of organisms which create diversity.
One way trees have adapted is that they become specialists to survive in harsh conditions.

5. What role do tropical forests play in stabilizing climate and atmosphere?
Rainforest's absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and by cutting down trees it is contributing to climate change.

Yellowstone National Park

6. What is the focus of Robert Crabtree’s research project in Yellowstone National Park?
To research the cascading effect of the elimination and reintroduction of the Wolf.

7. What was the cascade effect of the elimination of the Park’s wold population after 1926? Consider the following in your answer: willow, beaver, and elk populations. After eliminating the wolf the elk population skyrocketed and started consuming most of the vegetation in the Lamar Valley. Many species, such as beavers, that depended on this vegetation dwindled in population. Willow is a main staple in the elks diet and has since been almost extinct from the rapid consumption of the growing elk population.

8. Food chains and webs can be shaped from the “top down” or from the “bottom up”. Which of these two categories best describes the wolf reintroduction project of 1995 and 1996?
The effect of reintroducing a carnivore, such as the wolf, to Yellowstone Park has a “top down” shape on the ecosystem.

9. What are the “hot spots” in Yellowstone and how are they important o the wolf reintroduction research project?
The “hot spots” in Yellowstone have the most biodiversity and consist of streams, rivers, and lakes known as riparian habitats. By reintroducing the wolf it has effected the willow population.

10. How can the data from a tropical rainforest that explains species diversity and abundance be helpful in managing and protecting temperate forests such as those in Yellowstone National Park or any other ecosystem on earth.
By learning from the interactions of different species in rain forests we are able to gain reference for understanding preservations methods in other ecosystems.

11. Sketch or represent in some way the pyramid of energy flow for willows, beavers, elk, and wolves in Yellowstone National Park. Label the percent of high quality energy that persists at each level.

Wolves < Beavers and Elk < Willows

Wolves depend on beavers and elk for food source thus using 10% of the high quality energy.

Beavers and Elk consume the willow for there nutrition and are using 10% of the energy.

Willow absorb the sunlight for there energy thus using 100% of available energy.

Personal Field Trip

1. The name of my chose body of water is the Oak Creek. 

2. The location of this Creek starts in the Oak Creek canyon and flow about 40 miles eventually leading into the Verde River. The spot I like to go to is about 5 miles from my house.

3. 

5. This stream, or collection of streams, eventually flow into the Verde River.

6. Three species of fish that habitat this stream are Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), Largemouth Bass (Micropterus salmoides), and Flathead Catfish (Pylodictis olivaris).

7. I was not able to find any information about non-native fish in the Oak Creek.

8. The agency responsible for this stream is called The Oak Creek Watershed Council. 

9. The mission of this agency is “Maintaining a standard of excellence for this watershed stewardship and preserving the integrity of Oak Creek.”

10. Having native fish in the Oak Creek enhances the quality of life for residents by providing a local food source that is natural to our environment. Native fish to the Oak Creek have been consuming the same source of food for years and is an important piece of keeping the natural wildlife in balance.

11. All of the fish in the Oak Creek are at Risk of disease and/or extinction. The main ones in Danger are The Largemouth Bass (Micropterus salmoides), Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), and Flathead Catfish (Pylodictis olivaris). The cause of this risk is the increase of fecal contamination Escherichia coli (E. coli). Actions are being taken right now to secure the protection of the Oak Creeks and solve this contamination issue. 

12.  The Oak Creek is much smaller, both in width and length, than the Verde River. The Oak Creek eventually flows into the Verde River so can be considered a part of it is some respect. One of the many vegetations that grow along or near the Oak Creek is watercress. A spring located in Munds Canyone that flows into the Oak Creek has a surplus of watercress in a few areas that I have eaten many times. It is delicious and nutritious. Other vegetation that grows along the Oak Creek is Black Walnut, Wild Grapes, Black Berries. 

 Many forms of Wildlife can be found near the Oak Creek such as: Elk, Deer, Rabbits, Snakes, Mountain Lions, Bobcats, and Coyotes. The width of the creek can range anywhere from 10 feet to about 30 feet and though usually shallow for the majority it can reach up 10 feet deep in certain locations.

13. I learned a lot about the origin of the Oak Creek for instance how it comes from many Seeps and Springs that percolate through the Coconino Sandstone from the Mogollon Rim. Another key piece of information I learned about this Stream is the accumulation of fecal matter that is continuously putting its habitat and local attendants at risk for water related illnesses. 

14. One question I have about the Oak Creek in particular is how they are specifically cleaning it and have they been successful in reducing the contamination of fecal matter and presence of E. Coli Bacteria. 

 Virtual Microscope Lab

Part 1.

1. When you begin the condenser knob should be all the way up.
2. Start with the 4x objective in place.
3. Raise the rheostat to 10.
4. Move slide using the X Y controls.
5. You close the iris before looking into the microscope as to not blind ourselves.
6. You eyes should be three quarters on an inch away from the oculars works best.
7. Increase light by opening the iris.
8. Highest magnifying objective is called oil immersion
9. The oil immersion procedure is done by placing a drop of oil in the center of the specimen between the 40x and 100x objective.
10. Clean slides with Chemwipes, clean objectives by turning out and clean with lens paper.
11. To successfully shut down the microscope you remove the slide and clean it. Place the objective back to 4x, close the iris and turn down the rheostat to 1. Finally you can turn off the microscope.


Part 2.

1.The 4x objective must be in place when you remove a slide and place a new slide on the stage of your scope.
2. You must use the 4x objective when you first start looking at a slide.
3. You must adjust the amount of light when looking at thin and/or transparent cells or tissue sections such as onion or amoeba cells.
4. You can adjust the rheostat and iris control to decrease light intensity and the amount of light passing through the scope.
5. The 4x objective allows you to see the largest are of the object that you are viewing.
6. You are magnifying something by 100x when using the 10x oculars and 10x objectives.
7. You are magnifying something 40x when using the 10x oculars and 4x objectives.
8. The course control knob is first used when you begin to look at a slide.
9. You need to adjust the oculars if you an see two overlapping circus with part of the objective in each circle.

Part 3.

Bacterial capsule is a pink oval with silver color cells inside.
The cheek smear has scattered cells around it.
The letter “e” is lower case and upside down.
The onion root tip is a long cone shape.