Virtual Pathology Lab
A 14-year-old girl presented with a three-week history of symptoms of fever, sore throat, a slightly swollen spleen, and swollen lymph glands.
The patient has an elevated white blood cell count and an increase in atypical white blood cells.
This patient is being diagnosed with Mononucleosis because of her persistent symptoms of fever and swollen lymph nodes.
A 14-year-old boy presented at the doctor’s office with flu-like symptoms
The patient has an elevate white blood cells count and mainly neutrophilis are present.
This patient is being diagnosed with a Bacterial or Viral Infection due to his elevated white blood cell count and flu-like symptoms.
A 20-year-old female presented to the doctor’s office in September with concerns about fatigue. She had worked as youth camp counselor during the summer.
The patient has typical concentrations of blood cells found in their smear.
The patient has been diagnosed normal and healthy as of now.
Journal
1. In what ways do normal red and white blood cells differ?
Red blood cells are for transporting oxygen. White blood cells are the cells of the immune system and are responsible for defending the body against disease and foreign entities. White blood cells also contain a nucleus while red blood cells do not.
2. Which type of white blood cell would you expect to be most common in a normal blood smear?
The most common white blood cells found in a smear would be Neutrophil cells which are 40% to 75% of all the white blood cells.
3. A differential count of white blood cells from a patient gable the absolute number of lymphocytes as 8000 per mm3 and the total number of white blood cells as 12,000 per mm3. Calculate the percentage of lymphocytes in this sample of white blood cells. Is this a normal or abnormal percentage? Explain your answer.
Normal results for lymphocyte count would be between 20% and 40%. This patient appears to have at leafs 60% and is classified as abnormal.
4. Describe the difference between a communicable disease and an inherited disease. Use examples you have studied in this exploration to supper your description.
In inherited disease is a genetic disorder that you were born with such as anemia. A communicable disease, or contagious disease, is passed through an infected person such as mononucleosis.
5. Why are white blood cells in a stained blood smear usually counted at low power under a microscope? Explain your answer.
At lower power it is easier to spot the nucleus in white blood cells which makes them easier to count.
6. Why is the presence of a larger than normal number or neutrophils indicative of an infection? Explain your answer.
Neutrophils are responsible for fighting infections and are present at the first signs of inflammation. Higher than normal counts of these phagocytes are indicative of an infection.
7. Why would you not expect to see tissue macrophages in a blood smear? Explain your answer.
Tissue macrophages are found in tissue like connective tissue and would not be probably to spot in a blood sample.
Wednesday, March 12, 2014
WORLD POPULATIONS LAB
1. Proceed through the tutorial. Approximately when was the bottle half full?
The bottle was about half full at 11:59
2. Then answer the next question.
3. Did anything surprise you about these two parts?
I guess seeing the numbers on paper and seeing how much resources we have used up and how much we have left was shocking to realize.
4. “Any time living things are allowed to reproduce freely, their numbers increase exponentially not linearly. And when people talk about “steady growth,” they mean exponential growth then, too” Why do you think people might have trouble understanding exponential growth?
People may think that exponential growth means a steady incline in population growth although
what they do not realize is that exponential means the rate at which it increases is doubling so that it increase faster and faster.
5. Whenever you hear that something is growing by some percentage, or that something is growing steadily, what rule should you remember in order to understand exponential growth?
The rule of 70 states that in order to estimate the humber of years for a variable to double, take the number 70 and divide it by the growth rate of the variable.
6. “When our consumption of a resource (energy, for instance) grows steadily, the doubling time takes on an even scarier meaning.” What is that scarier meaning?
That scarier meaning is of course the fact that our generation has used up more of the resource than all of history before us.
7. “…if we keep increasing our energy consumption like this, we’ll use more energy in the next 25 years than we’ve produced in all of history up to now.
8. “There are those who say we don’t need to worry about running out of oil, because there’s still lots of oil left in the grouse. Experts believe that over the past 150 years we have used up about half the total oil on Earth. In other words, our oil supply “bottle” is still haf full.” But if we keep doubling our population, what will happen?
If we keep doubling our population then the resource supply is going to run out before our next doubling.
THE PEOPLE PARADOX VIDEO
About India
1. Compare the education of the residents of north and south India. How how does this correlate with the number of children women bear?
The education of a culture is directly correlated with how many children the average women does bear. Since the women in Southern India are more educated it means that they are having less children on average.
2. Who are the “gatekeepers to health services” in India?
Husbands and mother-in-laws are the “gatekeepers to health service” in India.
3. Why might sons be preferred in India? A son is preferred in India because of their ability to care for their parents when they get older.
4. India demographic pyramid? What implications does this have?
In the India demographic pyramid it shows half of the population to be at the age for reproduction. Unless changes are implemented in the North’s education, and total average new children is decreased, total population is going to grow at an exponential rate.
5. Why are daughter often considered a burden in India? Often daughters are considered a burden in India because they are not supposed to stay with the family and help out. They are usually married in arrangement and the parents are expected to provide a sum of money called a dowry.
6. How did Abidi Shah change the lives of the young women in the village? Abidi Shah has implemented health services and educational reforms that have been successful in encouraging young women to become independent by learning carrier skills and practicing forms of contraceptive.
7. What are the obstacles for women and employment in India?
The biggest obstacle for women and potential employment in India is that there are simply not enough jobs to support them.
8. What is the knife-edge that India sits upon?
The population of India is growing exponentially and surpassing there economic yield. There are shortages in both employment and natural resources.
About Japan
What is the “revolutionary change” that is happening in Japan
The change in Japan is the amount of children they are allowed to have leaves them with a declining population rate.
2. If fertility stays at 1.3, Japan’s population will shrink in half.
3. What are two reasons Japanese women want to work?
Japanese women want to work because they can not have has many children now. Also women in Japan want to work because of the desire for financial gain.
4. The newswoman and her family had problems with childcare arrangements. What is the relationship between declining birth rates and childcare?
Many Japanese women work long hours and have trouble finding daycares that are open at the right hours that would allow them to keep a job. Because of this many people in Japan choose to have kids later in life or not at all which leads to more of a decline in birth rate.
5. Who cares for elders in Japan? Traditionally the daughter-in-law is supposed to take care of her husbands parents. Many women now work long hours which leaves no one to care for the elderly.
6. What does Japan’s age structure look like? What implications does this have?
Since Japan’s present fertility rate is 1.3 this is eventually going to lead to a lack of youth and works that essentially support the economy. Soon there is not going to be enough people to support Japans economy and would eventually have to bring in outside help from immigrants.
7. How might immigration help solve this problem?
Immigration would allow the economy to thrive by supplying new citizens to support the economy.
8. What is the average family size worldwide? The average family size has less than 2 children.
9. Many countries encourage families to have more children. It has been found to be easier to reduce fertility than to raise it.
Sub-Suharan Afica
What does sub-Saharan Africa’s age structure look like? What implications does this have?
The age structure in sub-Saharan Africa has a small middle and top with a large base. This is due to the fact that many adults are dying from the Aids virus. The potential consequences for this type of structure is a country full of kids with very little adults to take care of them.
2. What situations create tremendous pressures to immigrate? Declining amount of available resources of job opportunities leads to incentive to immigrate.
3. Describe the demographic transition as exemplified in Kenya (starting at 40:21 and in text)
The death rate in Kenya is rising.
4. Death rates from HIV/Aids life expectancy has declined from 65 to 49 years.
5. Women in Africa might have to make a choice between reproducing and risking HIV infection.
6. Explain how the economic gains of Asian Tigers came about.
Since the birth rate has decrease it has left more money for employment and job opportunities.
7. The key to population stabilization key is the education and liberation of women.
8. Why should we care about other countries? Because humans are the same species regardless of what country they are from and we should be helping humanity out as a whole.
9. What are two things that struck you most strongly about the situations in this video?
The differences between India and Japan were shocking and the fact that even with the measures implemented for population control their economy is going to still have issues in the near future. Also what struck me as a potential solution was the fact that education has been shown to have a positive decrease in population growth. Educating the masses could prove beneficial for population control.
1. Proceed through the tutorial. Approximately when was the bottle half full?
The bottle was about half full at 11:59
2. Then answer the next question.
3. Did anything surprise you about these two parts?
I guess seeing the numbers on paper and seeing how much resources we have used up and how much we have left was shocking to realize.
4. “Any time living things are allowed to reproduce freely, their numbers increase exponentially not linearly. And when people talk about “steady growth,” they mean exponential growth then, too” Why do you think people might have trouble understanding exponential growth?
People may think that exponential growth means a steady incline in population growth although
what they do not realize is that exponential means the rate at which it increases is doubling so that it increase faster and faster.
5. Whenever you hear that something is growing by some percentage, or that something is growing steadily, what rule should you remember in order to understand exponential growth?
The rule of 70 states that in order to estimate the humber of years for a variable to double, take the number 70 and divide it by the growth rate of the variable.
6. “When our consumption of a resource (energy, for instance) grows steadily, the doubling time takes on an even scarier meaning.” What is that scarier meaning?
That scarier meaning is of course the fact that our generation has used up more of the resource than all of history before us.
7. “…if we keep increasing our energy consumption like this, we’ll use more energy in the next 25 years than we’ve produced in all of history up to now.
8. “There are those who say we don’t need to worry about running out of oil, because there’s still lots of oil left in the grouse. Experts believe that over the past 150 years we have used up about half the total oil on Earth. In other words, our oil supply “bottle” is still haf full.” But if we keep doubling our population, what will happen?
If we keep doubling our population then the resource supply is going to run out before our next doubling.
THE PEOPLE PARADOX VIDEO
About India
1. Compare the education of the residents of north and south India. How how does this correlate with the number of children women bear?
The education of a culture is directly correlated with how many children the average women does bear. Since the women in Southern India are more educated it means that they are having less children on average.
2. Who are the “gatekeepers to health services” in India?
Husbands and mother-in-laws are the “gatekeepers to health service” in India.
3. Why might sons be preferred in India? A son is preferred in India because of their ability to care for their parents when they get older.
4. India demographic pyramid? What implications does this have?
In the India demographic pyramid it shows half of the population to be at the age for reproduction. Unless changes are implemented in the North’s education, and total average new children is decreased, total population is going to grow at an exponential rate.
5. Why are daughter often considered a burden in India? Often daughters are considered a burden in India because they are not supposed to stay with the family and help out. They are usually married in arrangement and the parents are expected to provide a sum of money called a dowry.
6. How did Abidi Shah change the lives of the young women in the village? Abidi Shah has implemented health services and educational reforms that have been successful in encouraging young women to become independent by learning carrier skills and practicing forms of contraceptive.
7. What are the obstacles for women and employment in India?
The biggest obstacle for women and potential employment in India is that there are simply not enough jobs to support them.
8. What is the knife-edge that India sits upon?
The population of India is growing exponentially and surpassing there economic yield. There are shortages in both employment and natural resources.
About Japan
What is the “revolutionary change” that is happening in Japan
The change in Japan is the amount of children they are allowed to have leaves them with a declining population rate.
2. If fertility stays at 1.3, Japan’s population will shrink in half.
3. What are two reasons Japanese women want to work?
Japanese women want to work because they can not have has many children now. Also women in Japan want to work because of the desire for financial gain.
4. The newswoman and her family had problems with childcare arrangements. What is the relationship between declining birth rates and childcare?
Many Japanese women work long hours and have trouble finding daycares that are open at the right hours that would allow them to keep a job. Because of this many people in Japan choose to have kids later in life or not at all which leads to more of a decline in birth rate.
5. Who cares for elders in Japan? Traditionally the daughter-in-law is supposed to take care of her husbands parents. Many women now work long hours which leaves no one to care for the elderly.
6. What does Japan’s age structure look like? What implications does this have?
Since Japan’s present fertility rate is 1.3 this is eventually going to lead to a lack of youth and works that essentially support the economy. Soon there is not going to be enough people to support Japans economy and would eventually have to bring in outside help from immigrants.
7. How might immigration help solve this problem?
Immigration would allow the economy to thrive by supplying new citizens to support the economy.
8. What is the average family size worldwide? The average family size has less than 2 children.
9. Many countries encourage families to have more children. It has been found to be easier to reduce fertility than to raise it.
Sub-Suharan Afica
What does sub-Saharan Africa’s age structure look like? What implications does this have?
The age structure in sub-Saharan Africa has a small middle and top with a large base. This is due to the fact that many adults are dying from the Aids virus. The potential consequences for this type of structure is a country full of kids with very little adults to take care of them.
2. What situations create tremendous pressures to immigrate? Declining amount of available resources of job opportunities leads to incentive to immigrate.
3. Describe the demographic transition as exemplified in Kenya (starting at 40:21 and in text)
The death rate in Kenya is rising.
4. Death rates from HIV/Aids life expectancy has declined from 65 to 49 years.
5. Women in Africa might have to make a choice between reproducing and risking HIV infection.
6. Explain how the economic gains of Asian Tigers came about.
Since the birth rate has decrease it has left more money for employment and job opportunities.
7. The key to population stabilization key is the education and liberation of women.
8. Why should we care about other countries? Because humans are the same species regardless of what country they are from and we should be helping humanity out as a whole.
9. What are two things that struck you most strongly about the situations in this video?
The differences between India and Japan were shocking and the fact that even with the measures implemented for population control their economy is going to still have issues in the near future. Also what struck me as a potential solution was the fact that education has been shown to have a positive decrease in population growth. Educating the masses could prove beneficial for population control.
Thursday, March 6, 2014
Introduction.
Today I am going to dissect a chicken leg. The purpose of my lab is to become more familiar with tissue, bones, and tendons. Seeing how muscles attach to bones and tendons is another important part of this lesson.
Procedure:
Put on gloves, if you have them.
2. Thoroughly rinse and dry one chicken leg. Place it on a plate or tray.
3. Examine the outside skin tissue.
4. Using scissors and a sharp knife, begin to work slowly and carefully to cut the skin and peel it away from the muscle below. Notice the clear connective tissue that holds the skin to the muscles. As you peel off the skin, you may need to cut away some of this connective tissue. Work slowly and carefully with scissors and knife until all skin is removed.
5. Connective tissue appearance.
A. Describe the appearance of the connective tissue.
The tissue was gelatinous, tough, and stretchy. It was mostly white or light in color.
B. What type of connective tissue is this? Epithelial Tissue.
6. Observe the yellowish clumps of fat tissue found outside the skin.
A. Describe the fat. The fat was slightly yellow in color and soft to the touch.
B. What are at least two of its functions? Two of the functions of fats are store energy and insulation.
C. Give the biological rem for the type of cells that store fat. Lipids
7. Observe bundles of pale, pink muscle tissue surrounding the bones.
8. Observe, with your naked eye, bundles of muscle tissue surrounding the bones. Separate the bundles of muscle by separating them out with your fingers. Begin by Inserting your thumb in to the muscle of the lower leg. You will need to push forcefully through the connective tissue covering the muscle, but it will give way at the natural separations between the muscle bundles.
Continue separating the muscle by forcing your thumb and fingers through the muscle until you are able to distinguish several separate bundles.
A. Describe the arrangement of the muscle bundles. The bundles of muscle were almost stacked on one another.
B. Do you see just one muscle, or are there many muscles present? There are several muscles.
C. How can you tell? They are kind of outlined and you can see them stacked on each other. Also you can see different tendons attached to different muscles.
9. The strong, shiny, white cords, called tendons, hold the muscle to the bones. Some of these tendons will pull away from the bone as you separate the muscle bundles.
Find the tendons of the chicken leg. Using the dissection scissors, cut across the tendons at Line A. Observe the numerous tendons and pull the freed muscles down and away from the bone, as if you were peeling a banana. Be careful you don’t cut any ligaments that attach bone to bone. Look closely at the ligaments.
Examine the two bones in the lower leg. The large bone (Bone A) is the tibia. The small, toothpick-like bone (Bone B) is the fibula.
A. What sort of connective tissue are tendons composed of? Tendons are fibrous connective tissue composed of collagen.
10. Skeleton Muscle function.
A. What are skeletal muscles? Skeletal muscles are attached to bones.
B. What are their functions? Muscles are responsible for movement of the body.
11. Remove a single muscle by cutting the tendons and peeling the muscle away from the bone. Nerves are generally thin, threadlike, white strands found between the muscle and the nearest bone. Look for the nerve in your specimen. The texture is much different from a tendon or bone. It is rather slippery.
A. Did you find it? Yup
12. Remove the muscle that covers Join B by cutting parallel to the femur, up ward toward the backbone. Remove pink muscle tissue until you see a shiny white sheet of ligament that cover the joint. Present is an exterior ligament that hips the femur in the hip socket.
A. What type of connective tissue compose the ligaments? Ligaments are fibrous tissue
13. Remove all remaining muscle to expose the bones of the chicken leg.
14. Cut onto the hinge joint by cutting into the top of the covering of the joint from the femur side. It will become apparent that you must remove the kneecap are to expose the menisci and ligaments within. Pull up on the kneecap are and cut through it with the scissors. You will have cut through the bursa, a sax that acts as a shock absorber for the knee joint. These are found in every joint.
15. Pull the covering back and look into the inside of the joint. You will see more white bands of ligaments holding the bones together. Observe the shiny, white layer covering the ends of the bones is cartilage. It helps the bones slide smoothly when the leg bends.
16. Bend the specimen at Join B and rotate the femur in all directions. Refer to pages 113-115 in your text book and answer these questions.
A. What type of joint is this? A ball and socket joint also known as a synovial joint
B. What type of movement is being demonstrated? The synovial joint is able to move by bending, extending, and rocking back and forth.
17. Cut the ligaments at the joint between the upper and lower leg. Examine how the bones fit into each other.
A. Describe the texture of the ends of the bones at the joint.
The texture at the ends of the bones is very smooth.
B. What is the specific name of this type of connective tissue? Hyaline Tissue.
C. What occurs when the cartilage at joints wears away? Arthritis.
D. How is a joint of this type built to delay this event? The joint has many protective layers such as muscles and tendons. The join itself is surrounded by a liquid to help mobility.
18. DO NOT BREAK THE RAW CHICKEN BONE. THERE IS DANGER FROM BONE FRAGMENTS FLYING OUT. If you could see inside the bone
A. What soft material would you find? Bone Marrow
B. Name three specific types of cells present here. We will not break it open. Osteoblast, osteocyte, and osteoclast.
C. Name three functions of bone. Bones produce blood cells that nourish the body. Bones provide support for the body. They also serve as storage for minerals such as calcium and phosphorous.
19. Explore and examine all the parts before cleaning the area.
20. Dispose of materials as directed. Using warm water and soap thoroughly wash all tools and materials, including your hands and the surface you worked upon.
Today I am going to dissect a chicken leg. The purpose of my lab is to become more familiar with tissue, bones, and tendons. Seeing how muscles attach to bones and tendons is another important part of this lesson.
Procedure:
Put on gloves, if you have them.
2. Thoroughly rinse and dry one chicken leg. Place it on a plate or tray.
3. Examine the outside skin tissue.
4. Using scissors and a sharp knife, begin to work slowly and carefully to cut the skin and peel it away from the muscle below. Notice the clear connective tissue that holds the skin to the muscles. As you peel off the skin, you may need to cut away some of this connective tissue. Work slowly and carefully with scissors and knife until all skin is removed.
5. Connective tissue appearance.
A. Describe the appearance of the connective tissue.
The tissue was gelatinous, tough, and stretchy. It was mostly white or light in color.
B. What type of connective tissue is this? Epithelial Tissue.
6. Observe the yellowish clumps of fat tissue found outside the skin.
A. Describe the fat. The fat was slightly yellow in color and soft to the touch.
B. What are at least two of its functions? Two of the functions of fats are store energy and insulation.
C. Give the biological rem for the type of cells that store fat. Lipids
7. Observe bundles of pale, pink muscle tissue surrounding the bones.
8. Observe, with your naked eye, bundles of muscle tissue surrounding the bones. Separate the bundles of muscle by separating them out with your fingers. Begin by Inserting your thumb in to the muscle of the lower leg. You will need to push forcefully through the connective tissue covering the muscle, but it will give way at the natural separations between the muscle bundles.
Continue separating the muscle by forcing your thumb and fingers through the muscle until you are able to distinguish several separate bundles.
A. Describe the arrangement of the muscle bundles. The bundles of muscle were almost stacked on one another.
B. Do you see just one muscle, or are there many muscles present? There are several muscles.
C. How can you tell? They are kind of outlined and you can see them stacked on each other. Also you can see different tendons attached to different muscles.
9. The strong, shiny, white cords, called tendons, hold the muscle to the bones. Some of these tendons will pull away from the bone as you separate the muscle bundles.
Find the tendons of the chicken leg. Using the dissection scissors, cut across the tendons at Line A. Observe the numerous tendons and pull the freed muscles down and away from the bone, as if you were peeling a banana. Be careful you don’t cut any ligaments that attach bone to bone. Look closely at the ligaments.
Examine the two bones in the lower leg. The large bone (Bone A) is the tibia. The small, toothpick-like bone (Bone B) is the fibula.
A. What sort of connective tissue are tendons composed of? Tendons are fibrous connective tissue composed of collagen.
10. Skeleton Muscle function.
A. What are skeletal muscles? Skeletal muscles are attached to bones.
B. What are their functions? Muscles are responsible for movement of the body.
11. Remove a single muscle by cutting the tendons and peeling the muscle away from the bone. Nerves are generally thin, threadlike, white strands found between the muscle and the nearest bone. Look for the nerve in your specimen. The texture is much different from a tendon or bone. It is rather slippery.
A. Did you find it? Yup
12. Remove the muscle that covers Join B by cutting parallel to the femur, up ward toward the backbone. Remove pink muscle tissue until you see a shiny white sheet of ligament that cover the joint. Present is an exterior ligament that hips the femur in the hip socket.
A. What type of connective tissue compose the ligaments? Ligaments are fibrous tissue
13. Remove all remaining muscle to expose the bones of the chicken leg.
14. Cut onto the hinge joint by cutting into the top of the covering of the joint from the femur side. It will become apparent that you must remove the kneecap are to expose the menisci and ligaments within. Pull up on the kneecap are and cut through it with the scissors. You will have cut through the bursa, a sax that acts as a shock absorber for the knee joint. These are found in every joint.
15. Pull the covering back and look into the inside of the joint. You will see more white bands of ligaments holding the bones together. Observe the shiny, white layer covering the ends of the bones is cartilage. It helps the bones slide smoothly when the leg bends.
16. Bend the specimen at Join B and rotate the femur in all directions. Refer to pages 113-115 in your text book and answer these questions.
A. What type of joint is this? A ball and socket joint also known as a synovial joint
B. What type of movement is being demonstrated? The synovial joint is able to move by bending, extending, and rocking back and forth.
17. Cut the ligaments at the joint between the upper and lower leg. Examine how the bones fit into each other.
A. Describe the texture of the ends of the bones at the joint.
The texture at the ends of the bones is very smooth.
B. What is the specific name of this type of connective tissue? Hyaline Tissue.
C. What occurs when the cartilage at joints wears away? Arthritis.
D. How is a joint of this type built to delay this event? The joint has many protective layers such as muscles and tendons. The join itself is surrounded by a liquid to help mobility.
18. DO NOT BREAK THE RAW CHICKEN BONE. THERE IS DANGER FROM BONE FRAGMENTS FLYING OUT. If you could see inside the bone
A. What soft material would you find? Bone Marrow
B. Name three specific types of cells present here. We will not break it open. Osteoblast, osteocyte, and osteoclast.
C. Name three functions of bone. Bones produce blood cells that nourish the body. Bones provide support for the body. They also serve as storage for minerals such as calcium and phosphorous.
19. Explore and examine all the parts before cleaning the area.
20. Dispose of materials as directed. Using warm water and soap thoroughly wash all tools and materials, including your hands and the surface you worked upon.
Wednesday, March 5, 2014
Personal Field Trip #2
Eucalyptus deglupta
A pretty tall tree, also known as Rainbow Eucalyptus, it is only found natural in the northern hemisphere. It has a unique multi-colored bark that makes it stand out from other trees. The bark is shed at different times which is what gives it the different colors. It is known for having blue, orange, purple, and maroon colors showing in the bark. It has green oval shaped leaves that come to a point some times taking on a curved shape inclining towards that of a scythe.
It can grow 8 feet a year reaching a height of 200-250 feet and a diameter of 8 feet wide.
Its a very tropical tree preferring average monthly rainfall to be at least 150 mm and a warm temperature of 70-90 F.
In 1870, the Eucalyptus tree was planted in Maui and at first seemed like a nice addition for a pleasant aromatic plant to grow here. The issue is that these trees are virtual monocultures which means they end up choking out all surrounding native plant life much like a weed would do.
Coccinia grandis
Ivy Gourd can grow up to 4 inches per day making it extremely invasive. It forms into dense blankets that end up stealing sunlight and nutrients from other plants. It was first intro ducked at as a food crop although quickly developed a reputation for infestation. It has been prepared in the use of medicinal tonics to alleviate symptoms of scabies as well as an effective anti-histamine.
Ivy Gourd This white flower, with five pedals and oblong red fruits, ends up attaching to shrubs, trees, houses, porches, fences, and telephone poles. If gone unattended then the Ivy Gourd can create a dense canopy that can suffocate other hosts under a its blanket of vines.
Arundo donax
Giant Reed prefers damp soils and forms into dense strands. It can grow up to 20 ft tall and sometimes reaching heights of 33 feet in the proper conditions. It has a hollow stem that averages 2 centimeters in width. The leaves are a grey-green color and come to a tapered tip. It is similar in appearances to the common reed (Phragmites australis) or bamboo (Subfamily Bambusoideae).
Giant Reed flowers during late summer with feathery plumes of 40 to 60 centimeters although are mostly seedless or with infertile seeds. Reproduction mostly happens vegetively by underground rhizomes. These rhizomes are very tough and fibrous and climb into knotty matts that can reach 4 feet into the earth. This allows the Giant Reed to be well adapted to floods and also increase its ability to invade areas of non native plants.
Giant Reed has also caused issues since its introduction as a non native species to the local native ones. This reed spreads rather quickly and can end up blocking streams and water flow which can inevitably lead to erosion and flooding. It can grow up to 20 feet tall.
12. Name five ways non-native invasive plant species can alter ecosystems.
Non-native plant species are invasive because of the way they displace native species and high jack nutrients for themselves. They can filter out sunlight from native species and use up precious water reserves. Another way they can alter ecosystems is by poisoning other animals and plant species.
Work Cited:
http://www.mauiinformationguide.com/invasive-species.php
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucalyptus_deglupta
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arundo_donax
Friday, February 28, 2014
Tissues Worksheet:
A. Matching.
1. Epithelium tissue forms membranes.
2. Muscle tissue allows movement of limbs and for organ movements within the body.
3. Connective tissue function is to support cells.
4. Nervous tissue function is to communicate.
5. Epithelium tissue is to protect and line.
6. Nervous tissue uses electrochemical signals to carry out its functions.
7. Connective tissue supports and reinforces the body organs.
8. Epithelium tissue cells of this tissue may absorb and/or secrete substances.
9. Nervous tissue basis of the major controlling system of the body.
10. Muscle tissue its cells shorten to exert force.
11. Epithelium tissue forms endocrine and exocrine glands.
12. Connective tissue surrounds and cushions body organs.
13. Muscle tissue function is to contract and move body.
14. Connective characterized by having large amounts of extracellular material.
15. Muscle tissue allows you to smile, grasp, swim, ski, and throw a ball.
16. Connective tissue is widely distributed; found in bones, cartilages, and fat deposits.
Nervous tissue forms the brain and spinal cord.
B. Rewrite the following sentences/questions and include your response either within the sentence or after the question.
1. A tissue is a collection of cells.
2. The four major tissue types are epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous.
3. The inside of blood vessels is lined with squamous epithelium.
4. The urinary system is lined with traditional epithelium.
5. Where is the simple columnar epithelium found? In the lining of the small intestine.
6. Stratified epithelia consists of several layers of cells.
7. Transitional epithelium allows the bladder to stretch.
8. Stratified squamous epithelium does NOT OCCUR in the lining of the stomach.
9. The surface cells of stratified squamous epithelium are continually being shed from the surface.
10. Which of the following are NOT connective tissues? Saliva does not consists of any connective tissue.
11. Which of the following muscle has branched fibers intercalated discs between adjacent cells and contract automatically? The cardiac muscle.
12. Which of the following muscle tissues has long fibers and nuclei on the surface? Striated voluntary muscle.
Which muscle tissue moves bones? The striated voluntary muscle.
13. Which muscle tissue is found in blood vessel walls, in the gut wall and in the glands? The smooth involuntary muscle.
C. Rewrite these sentences and fill in the blanks with the correct answer.
1. Connective Tissue consists of many cells with little intercellular substances.
2. Epithelial Tissue is penetrated by blood vessels.
3. Connective Tissue does not cover body surfaces or line passageways and cavities; but is more internally located; binds, supports, and protects.
D. Rewrite these sentences and fill in the blank with connective tissue types elastic, fibrous, hyaline.
1. Fibrous Connective Tissue is found where strength and rigidity are needed, as in discs between vertebrae and the symphysis pubis.
2. White, glossy cartilage covering ends of bones, covering ends of ribs, and giving stregth to nose, larynx, and trachea, is known as Hyaline Connective Tissue.
3. Elastic Connective Tissue provides strength and flexibility, as in external part of the ear.
E. Rewrite these sentences and fill in the blanks with the muscle tissue types cardiac, smooth, or skeletal.
1. Tissue forming the walls of the heart is Cardiac Tissue.
2. Skeletal Tissue is attached to bones.
3. Spindle-shaped cells with ends tapering to points are Smooth Tissue.
4. Cardiac Tissue contains intercalated discs and gap junctions.
5. Smooth Tissue is found in the walls of intestine, urinary bladder, and blood vessels.
6. Skeletal Tissue cells are multinucleate.
Tissue Lab:
This slide represents an epithelium pseudo stratified with a columnar cell shape. The picture appears to have cilia on top of a basement membrane.
B. This slide shows an epithelium tissue with a stratified squamous shape of the cells as well as a basement membrane on the bottom.
C. This slide represents muscle tissue because of the single nucleus and straight muscle cells.
D. This slide shows connective tissue due to the large presence of extracellular fluid and little nuclei.
E. This slide shows nervous tissue and the dendrites that carry signals towards the cell body.
Bone Basics Lab:
Microscopic Bone Anatomy
Write the function for these bone tissue structures.
1. The function of the Bone Canaliculi is to carry nutrients, oxygen, and CO2 towards and away from Osteocytes.
2. The function of the Central Canal is to transport blood vessels, nerves, and lymph through the bone and rungs parallel to the length of the bone axis.
3. The lamellae function is for strengthening and reinforcing bone and tissue.
4. The function of the Lacune is to contain cartilage and bone cells.
Define these terms.
Osteoclast- A bone cell that resorbs boney tissue, used in the maintenance and repair of bones.
Osteoblast- Cells with single nuclei that synthesize bone
Osteocytel- A star shaped cell found in mature bone to maintain structure as well as carry nutrients.
Skeleton Palpating
Zygomatic bone and arch
Mastoid Process
Temporomandibular
Mandibular Angle
Your personal bones.
I guess I didn’t realize until now that I am mostly unfamiliar with all my bones. I broke my clavicle once and then re fractured it a few weeks later so I am slightly familiar with that bone. I know that it is a long thin bone that runs along the top of the shoulder. I am pretty sure it is attached to the rib cage and it is also attached the the scapula. I learned in this assignment that it attaches to the sternum. The bone helps to rotate the shoulder. I know that it is a hard bone to treat when broken because it is a hard spot to put a cast over so I just had to wear a sling until it healed.
A bone or groups of bones that I am unfamiliar with and would like to learn more about is the spine and skull. I have heard a bit about the skull from my chiropractor. From what I remember the the skull has plates that can shift around and are known as the temporal, frontal, parietal, and occipital lobe. There is also a couple bones called the zygomatic and sphenoid that sit basically in the middle of the head and can even be moved through a procedure called bilateral nasal specific. I believe that the skull attaches to the spine by a bone called the cranium.
A. Matching.
1. Epithelium tissue forms membranes.
2. Muscle tissue allows movement of limbs and for organ movements within the body.
3. Connective tissue function is to support cells.
4. Nervous tissue function is to communicate.
5. Epithelium tissue is to protect and line.
6. Nervous tissue uses electrochemical signals to carry out its functions.
7. Connective tissue supports and reinforces the body organs.
8. Epithelium tissue cells of this tissue may absorb and/or secrete substances.
9. Nervous tissue basis of the major controlling system of the body.
10. Muscle tissue its cells shorten to exert force.
11. Epithelium tissue forms endocrine and exocrine glands.
12. Connective tissue surrounds and cushions body organs.
13. Muscle tissue function is to contract and move body.
14. Connective characterized by having large amounts of extracellular material.
15. Muscle tissue allows you to smile, grasp, swim, ski, and throw a ball.
16. Connective tissue is widely distributed; found in bones, cartilages, and fat deposits.
Nervous tissue forms the brain and spinal cord.
B. Rewrite the following sentences/questions and include your response either within the sentence or after the question.
1. A tissue is a collection of cells.
2. The four major tissue types are epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous.
3. The inside of blood vessels is lined with squamous epithelium.
4. The urinary system is lined with traditional epithelium.
5. Where is the simple columnar epithelium found? In the lining of the small intestine.
6. Stratified epithelia consists of several layers of cells.
7. Transitional epithelium allows the bladder to stretch.
8. Stratified squamous epithelium does NOT OCCUR in the lining of the stomach.
9. The surface cells of stratified squamous epithelium are continually being shed from the surface.
10. Which of the following are NOT connective tissues? Saliva does not consists of any connective tissue.
11. Which of the following muscle has branched fibers intercalated discs between adjacent cells and contract automatically? The cardiac muscle.
12. Which of the following muscle tissues has long fibers and nuclei on the surface? Striated voluntary muscle.
Which muscle tissue moves bones? The striated voluntary muscle.
13. Which muscle tissue is found in blood vessel walls, in the gut wall and in the glands? The smooth involuntary muscle.
C. Rewrite these sentences and fill in the blanks with the correct answer.
1. Connective Tissue consists of many cells with little intercellular substances.
2. Epithelial Tissue is penetrated by blood vessels.
3. Connective Tissue does not cover body surfaces or line passageways and cavities; but is more internally located; binds, supports, and protects.
D. Rewrite these sentences and fill in the blank with connective tissue types elastic, fibrous, hyaline.
1. Fibrous Connective Tissue is found where strength and rigidity are needed, as in discs between vertebrae and the symphysis pubis.
2. White, glossy cartilage covering ends of bones, covering ends of ribs, and giving stregth to nose, larynx, and trachea, is known as Hyaline Connective Tissue.
3. Elastic Connective Tissue provides strength and flexibility, as in external part of the ear.
E. Rewrite these sentences and fill in the blanks with the muscle tissue types cardiac, smooth, or skeletal.
1. Tissue forming the walls of the heart is Cardiac Tissue.
2. Skeletal Tissue is attached to bones.
3. Spindle-shaped cells with ends tapering to points are Smooth Tissue.
4. Cardiac Tissue contains intercalated discs and gap junctions.
5. Smooth Tissue is found in the walls of intestine, urinary bladder, and blood vessels.
6. Skeletal Tissue cells are multinucleate.
Tissue Lab:
This slide represents an epithelium pseudo stratified with a columnar cell shape. The picture appears to have cilia on top of a basement membrane.
B. This slide shows an epithelium tissue with a stratified squamous shape of the cells as well as a basement membrane on the bottom.
C. This slide represents muscle tissue because of the single nucleus and straight muscle cells.
D. This slide shows connective tissue due to the large presence of extracellular fluid and little nuclei.
E. This slide shows nervous tissue and the dendrites that carry signals towards the cell body.
Bone Basics Lab:
Microscopic Bone Anatomy
Write the function for these bone tissue structures.
1. The function of the Bone Canaliculi is to carry nutrients, oxygen, and CO2 towards and away from Osteocytes.
2. The function of the Central Canal is to transport blood vessels, nerves, and lymph through the bone and rungs parallel to the length of the bone axis.
3. The lamellae function is for strengthening and reinforcing bone and tissue.
4. The function of the Lacune is to contain cartilage and bone cells.
Define these terms.
Osteoclast- A bone cell that resorbs boney tissue, used in the maintenance and repair of bones.
Osteoblast- Cells with single nuclei that synthesize bone
Osteocytel- A star shaped cell found in mature bone to maintain structure as well as carry nutrients.
Skeleton Palpating
Zygomatic bone and archYour personal bones.
I guess I didn’t realize until now that I am mostly unfamiliar with all my bones. I broke my clavicle once and then re fractured it a few weeks later so I am slightly familiar with that bone. I know that it is a long thin bone that runs along the top of the shoulder. I am pretty sure it is attached to the rib cage and it is also attached the the scapula. I learned in this assignment that it attaches to the sternum. The bone helps to rotate the shoulder. I know that it is a hard bone to treat when broken because it is a hard spot to put a cast over so I just had to wear a sling until it healed.
A bone or groups of bones that I am unfamiliar with and would like to learn more about is the spine and skull. I have heard a bit about the skull from my chiropractor. From what I remember the the skull has plates that can shift around and are known as the temporal, frontal, parietal, and occipital lobe. There is also a couple bones called the zygomatic and sphenoid that sit basically in the middle of the head and can even be moved through a procedure called bilateral nasal specific. I believe that the skull attaches to the spine by a bone called the cranium.
Wednesday, February 26, 2014
6A Reservoirs on the Colorado River.
Stop and Think:
1. Consider what the “squiggly lines” on the graphs of page 2 in the “How Low Can it Go?” article really mean…Use the graph of Lake Mead levels to describe a brief history of the reservoir. Tell when and how the reservoir got started, how long it took to fill, and mention events that affected its level.
The rise and fall of water levels are represented by “squiggly lines” in the article title “How Low Can it Go?” The Hoover Dam was built to keep the Colorado River full by creating basins to contain water such as Lake Mead.
1931-Started the Hoover Dam
1937- Filling of Lake Mead
1942- 95% capacity
1950- Several year drought
1967- Lake Powell was created in 1967
1999- Lake Mead at 95% capacity
2000’s- stead decline due to drought and human population growth. Down to 54%
2. Beginning in 1964, how long did it take to capture enough water to fill both of the large reservoirs?
It took from 1964 to 1990 for Lake Powell to reach its maximum capacity and it took 19 years for Lake Mead to reach its capacity.
3. The levels of Lake Powell and Lake Mead both show steep declines in the past decade. What are the two things that control the level of a reservoir?
The two main contributors to a reservoir are rainfall and human use.
6B What’s Responsible for Lower Reservoirs Levels?
Stop and Think
4. Compare snowpack in a watershed to a dam on a river. How are they alike? How are they different?
A snowpack is similar to a dam on a river in that they both hold water for future needs. A snowpack is different because we have a lot less control over the release and accumulation of water.
5. What effect does the El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) have on water supplies to the Colorado River Basin?
The El Nino Southern Oscillation effects mostly the lower basins and not really much of the upper basins.
6. How does increasing population of sunbelt cities in the Lower Colorado River Basin contribute to lowering reservoir levels?
Water usage increases as population increases which leads to depletion of the reservoir levels in the Lower Colorado River Basin. The amount of water used exceeds the reservoirs sustainable yield.
7. In your own words, describe what’s responsible for lower reservoir levels in the Colorado River Basin.
The lower reservoir levels in the Colorado River Basin can be thought of as analogous to the issues within a “Tragedy of the Commons” phenomena. Human population in the surrounding areas are ever increasing while using the Basin for agriculture, electrify, and the basic human needs for water. The current drought is an important factor in the overall availability of water from the Colorado River and have increased the rate of the positive feedback loop of water storage in the River Basin.
8. List at least 3 possible impacts of the decline in water storage in the Colorado River.
Without water from the Colorado River many people in the surrounding states would go without electricity.
Many wildlife, including native fish, would be at risk for extinction due there dependency on the water.
Most of the South West would eventually be subject to “dustbowl” conditions.
6C: Can the River Continue to Meet Demand for Water?
Checking in
Describe the trend of water use in the states of Arizona, California, Nevada, and the country of Mexico.
The trend of water use in the South West has increased dramatically. Arizona uses almost 3 million acre feet per year of water while California uses over 5 million acre feet of water. Nevada uses 300,000 and started in 1942 using 2,472 acre feet of water.
How does water use in the states compare to the natural flow of the Colorado River (see graph in Part B) over the same time period?
The amount of water used in the states exceeds the sustainable yield of Colorado River’s natural flow.
Stop and Think
9. Calculate the percent increase in AZ water consumption between the years 1906 and 2008.
The increase of water consumption between the years of 1914 to 2008 was 385%
10. Based on the data in this section, describe what do you think will happen if the consumption of Colorado River Water continues to grow at its present rate. Have we reached the carrying capacity of watershed?
A water shortage scenario is highly probably in the near future. As long as the drought continues and the human consumption stays the same or increases the water is eventually going to run out.
Checking In
How might the change in water levels affect you as a recreational boater? Give a specific example, naming features that are labeled in the pair of images.
If I were a recreational boater I would be severely effected by the water levels not allowing me to boat or have to move locations because of the Las Vegas Bay Marina and Lake Mead Marina dealing with lower water levels.
Stop and Think
11. Given that long term changes in climate are reducing inflows into the reservoir, and that outflows, through the Hoover Dam are growing to meet demand by an increasing population, what is the projected result in the reservoir? What would you need to know in order to predict the date of the result?
To predict a projected result of a reservoir one would need exactly how much is being used currently as well as the expected increase in human population as this would increase the total output. By the year 2050 the projected results of the average flow will reduce by 35 percent.
12. Based on the data you examined in this lesson as well as other sources, do you think that reservoirs in arid lands prevent or merely postpone water shortages?
I believe that reservoirs merely postpone water shortages. Its like the saying goes “You give a man a fish he can eat for a night, but if you teach a man to fish he can eat for a lifetime.” By giving people water and not making them aware of the possible shortage scenario all we are doing is teaching them to use water although if come up with a long term solution that involves everyone then maybe we can secure water for future use.
6D Stop and Think
13. List the title of the photograph you chose and write a short paragraph to summarize the issue it illustrates.
The photo I chose was the first one showing a helicopter dumping water on a forest fire. This fire is a result of several years of very little rain creating a perfect forest fire environment. The use of water to put out a fire is a unforeseen scenario that should be included in the water usage out of the reservoirs where it was most likely procured from. This fire happened to be in the same year as the one I experienced in Sedona Arizona. It was a very nerve racking time seeing the mountains on fire and knowing the potential to evacuate was highly likely.
14. Summarize the positive outlook with which the researchers end the article.
New technology has been developed and is in the process of being implemented. This new information can help us secure water levels in reservoirs and manage water usage more efficiently. The researchers end on a positive outlook for ensuring the survival of water for the entire Southwest.
Work Cited
http://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/06/us/colorado-river-drought-forces-a-painful-reckoning-for-states.html?_r=0
http://www.usbr.gov/
http://www.lakepowell.org/page_two/information/Lake_Powell_Facts/lake_powell_facts.html
Stop and Think:
1. Consider what the “squiggly lines” on the graphs of page 2 in the “How Low Can it Go?” article really mean…Use the graph of Lake Mead levels to describe a brief history of the reservoir. Tell when and how the reservoir got started, how long it took to fill, and mention events that affected its level.
The rise and fall of water levels are represented by “squiggly lines” in the article title “How Low Can it Go?” The Hoover Dam was built to keep the Colorado River full by creating basins to contain water such as Lake Mead.
1931-Started the Hoover Dam
1937- Filling of Lake Mead
1942- 95% capacity
1950- Several year drought
1967- Lake Powell was created in 1967
1999- Lake Mead at 95% capacity
2000’s- stead decline due to drought and human population growth. Down to 54%
2. Beginning in 1964, how long did it take to capture enough water to fill both of the large reservoirs?
It took from 1964 to 1990 for Lake Powell to reach its maximum capacity and it took 19 years for Lake Mead to reach its capacity.
3. The levels of Lake Powell and Lake Mead both show steep declines in the past decade. What are the two things that control the level of a reservoir?
The two main contributors to a reservoir are rainfall and human use.
6B What’s Responsible for Lower Reservoirs Levels?
Stop and Think
4. Compare snowpack in a watershed to a dam on a river. How are they alike? How are they different?
A snowpack is similar to a dam on a river in that they both hold water for future needs. A snowpack is different because we have a lot less control over the release and accumulation of water.
5. What effect does the El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) have on water supplies to the Colorado River Basin?
The El Nino Southern Oscillation effects mostly the lower basins and not really much of the upper basins.
6. How does increasing population of sunbelt cities in the Lower Colorado River Basin contribute to lowering reservoir levels?
Water usage increases as population increases which leads to depletion of the reservoir levels in the Lower Colorado River Basin. The amount of water used exceeds the reservoirs sustainable yield.
7. In your own words, describe what’s responsible for lower reservoir levels in the Colorado River Basin.
The lower reservoir levels in the Colorado River Basin can be thought of as analogous to the issues within a “Tragedy of the Commons” phenomena. Human population in the surrounding areas are ever increasing while using the Basin for agriculture, electrify, and the basic human needs for water. The current drought is an important factor in the overall availability of water from the Colorado River and have increased the rate of the positive feedback loop of water storage in the River Basin.
8. List at least 3 possible impacts of the decline in water storage in the Colorado River.
Without water from the Colorado River many people in the surrounding states would go without electricity.
Many wildlife, including native fish, would be at risk for extinction due there dependency on the water.
Most of the South West would eventually be subject to “dustbowl” conditions.
6C: Can the River Continue to Meet Demand for Water?
Checking in
Describe the trend of water use in the states of Arizona, California, Nevada, and the country of Mexico.
The trend of water use in the South West has increased dramatically. Arizona uses almost 3 million acre feet per year of water while California uses over 5 million acre feet of water. Nevada uses 300,000 and started in 1942 using 2,472 acre feet of water.
How does water use in the states compare to the natural flow of the Colorado River (see graph in Part B) over the same time period?
The amount of water used in the states exceeds the sustainable yield of Colorado River’s natural flow.
Stop and Think
9. Calculate the percent increase in AZ water consumption between the years 1906 and 2008.
The increase of water consumption between the years of 1914 to 2008 was 385%
10. Based on the data in this section, describe what do you think will happen if the consumption of Colorado River Water continues to grow at its present rate. Have we reached the carrying capacity of watershed?
A water shortage scenario is highly probably in the near future. As long as the drought continues and the human consumption stays the same or increases the water is eventually going to run out.
Checking In
How might the change in water levels affect you as a recreational boater? Give a specific example, naming features that are labeled in the pair of images.
If I were a recreational boater I would be severely effected by the water levels not allowing me to boat or have to move locations because of the Las Vegas Bay Marina and Lake Mead Marina dealing with lower water levels.
Stop and Think
11. Given that long term changes in climate are reducing inflows into the reservoir, and that outflows, through the Hoover Dam are growing to meet demand by an increasing population, what is the projected result in the reservoir? What would you need to know in order to predict the date of the result?
To predict a projected result of a reservoir one would need exactly how much is being used currently as well as the expected increase in human population as this would increase the total output. By the year 2050 the projected results of the average flow will reduce by 35 percent.
12. Based on the data you examined in this lesson as well as other sources, do you think that reservoirs in arid lands prevent or merely postpone water shortages?
I believe that reservoirs merely postpone water shortages. Its like the saying goes “You give a man a fish he can eat for a night, but if you teach a man to fish he can eat for a lifetime.” By giving people water and not making them aware of the possible shortage scenario all we are doing is teaching them to use water although if come up with a long term solution that involves everyone then maybe we can secure water for future use.
6D Stop and Think
13. List the title of the photograph you chose and write a short paragraph to summarize the issue it illustrates.
The photo I chose was the first one showing a helicopter dumping water on a forest fire. This fire is a result of several years of very little rain creating a perfect forest fire environment. The use of water to put out a fire is a unforeseen scenario that should be included in the water usage out of the reservoirs where it was most likely procured from. This fire happened to be in the same year as the one I experienced in Sedona Arizona. It was a very nerve racking time seeing the mountains on fire and knowing the potential to evacuate was highly likely.
14. Summarize the positive outlook with which the researchers end the article.
New technology has been developed and is in the process of being implemented. This new information can help us secure water levels in reservoirs and manage water usage more efficiently. The researchers end on a positive outlook for ensuring the survival of water for the entire Southwest.
Work Cited
http://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/06/us/colorado-river-drought-forces-a-painful-reckoning-for-states.html?_r=0
http://www.usbr.gov/
http://www.lakepowell.org/page_two/information/Lake_Powell_Facts/lake_powell_facts.html
Friday, February 14, 2014
BIO156 Structure Funciton of Cells
Part 1 Milk
For this experiment I placed 8 oz of milk, fat free because it was all that I had available, in a glass jar and let sit in a dark warm place for about 3 days.
Hypothesis:
I believe the bacteria in the milk are going to wake up and consume the lactose making the milk less sweet and more sour. A separation of protein and liquid should occur making “curdle”.
Observations:
After day 1 I could see no visible changes in the milk.
After day 3 a noticeable separation of liquid and protein occurred as well as a strong sour smell.
Some possible factors that could have effected the experiment were the temperature in the room. Also another factor was using fat free milk as using another kind of milk could have different results. I observed a total separation of liquid and protein as well as a strong sour smell. My hypothesis is that the bacteria present in the milk was no longer asleep from the cold and started consuming the carbohydrates at a rapid rate producing lactic acid and a separation of protein and water.
One way I could test my hypothesis is to somehow record the amount of sugars present in the milk before and after the experiment.
Part 2 Juice
Room temperature water:
I observed the juice mixing with the water with a tendency to settle a little lower than the water.
Ice water:
I observed the juice mixing with the water much slower as well as a larger tendency to settle at the bottom and avoid the ice cubes at the top. In ice water the molecule have slowed down and in the actual ice have much stronger bonds. This makes the diffusion process slower.
Boiling water:
There seemed to be a lot more action and swirling when I poured the juice in which lead to a quicker rate of mixing. In boiling water the molecules are moving about rapidly thus making the diffusion process faster and easier.
Part 3 Carrot
Pour two cups of room temperature water into two jars or cups.
Add two teaspoons of salt into one and label it "Salt Water.”
Label the other cup "Fresh Water."
Cut a fresh carrot in half.
Measure the length and width of both pieces and record in Table 1.
Tie a piece of string just below the cut side of the carrot on both pieces.
Tie the string tightly.
Set one carrot with the cut-end side down into one cup and the other with the cut-end side down in the second cup.
Leave the carrots in the jars for 24 hours.
Remove the carrots.
Re-measure the carrots and record the findings in Table 1.
12. After both carrots had been soaking for 24 hours a noticeable change in string had been detected.
The string attached the carrot in the salt water has gotten considerably looser and slipped off of the carrot easily.
13. The texture of the carrot in the fresh water had not changed. The texture of the carrot in the salt water has gotten much softer. It was easy to bend and soft to the touch.
Carrot before putting in salt water: Length-9.75, Width-5.25
Carrot before putting in fresh water: Length-9.5, Width-4.5
Carrot after time in salt water: Length-9.25, Width-5
Carrot after time in fresh water: Length-9.5, Width-4.5
Explanation:
The carrot placed in salt water solution had changed considerably. By mixing the solute salt into a water solvent I made a salt water solution creating a hypertonic state. The hypotonic state in the fresh water caused no noticeable changes to occur in the carrot.
Part 4 Organelles and Illness.
Patient 1
History:
Seven year-old male
Fatigue
Muscle Weakness
Low endurance
Loss of coordination
Progressive difficulty walking
Physical Examination:
Muscle loss & deformity
Awkward gait
Difficulty breathing
Laboratory Results:
Cells have abnormal shape
Cells division is abnormal
Impaired intracellular movement of materials
The malfunctioning Organelle appears to be Cytoskeleton. The Cytoskeleton is located throughout our cells and is essentially our cells framework and supports the cells structure. An abnormal Cytoskeleton disrupts the division process causing an unusual shape of cells to take place which can be seen through a microscope. This is causing the patients muscle weakness, difficulty breathing, and low endurance.
Patient 2
History:
55 year-old female
Excellent health to date
Fatigue
Headaches
Excessive salivation
Nausea
Vomiting
Diarrhea
Vertigo
Abdominal Pain
Weight Loss
Psychological Stress
Marital Stress
Physical Examination:
Swelling of eyelids
Partial limb paralysis
Hyperkeratosis (increased pigmentation) of the skin on the palms & soles
White banding on fingernails
Muscle weakness
Laboratory Results
Low levels of ATP production
Unusually high levels of arsenic
Abnormal levels of cell death-not due to apoptosis (programmed cell death) - rather cell death appears to be due to lack of energy to maintain homeostasis due to low levels of ATP
The malfunctioning Organelle appears to be a malfunctioning mitochondria. ATP is the source of energy for all cells and is produced by the mitochondria. Arsenic greatly diminishes the ATP production. Disease of the mitochondria can cause spontaneous muscle movements leading to vomiting and diarrhea.
Patient 3
History:
2-day old male
Low birth-weight (4 lbs 5 ounces)
Dificulty suckling/swallowing
Seizures
Gastrointestinal bleeding
Physical Examination:
Enlarged liver
Low muscle tone/inability to move
Glaucoma
Facial deformities
Impaired hearing
Jaundice skin
Laboratory Results:
High levels of Hydrogen peroxide in cells
High levels of fats and amino acids in cells
The Malfunctioning Organelle appears to be Peroxisome which are responsible for the breakdown of fats, amino acids, and the overall removal of toxic waste produced by cells. When Peroxisomes are malfunctioning waste can not be removed as efficiently leading to an enlarged liver and elevated hydrogen peroxide levels.
Patient 4
History:
42 year-old male
No major health issue to date
Notable increase in weight over past month- gain of 17 pounds
Recent lethargy
Patient is on a new eating regimen-everymeal is from a “fast-food” restaurant
Physical Examination:
Enlarged liver
Muscle weakness
Laboratory Results:
Negavtive for hepatitis
Excessive glycogen granules in liver
High levels of fat in liver-abnormal fat metabolism
Low testosterone levels
Abnormal cell calcium balance
The Malfunctioning Organelle appears to be the smooth endoplasmic reticulum which is responsible for the breakdown of fats into hormones. The patients diet of fast food is full of excessive amounts of unhealthy fats that are unable to be broken down and being stored in his liver. Since testosterone is manufactured from fats and the patients inability to process them it has lead to his low testosterone levels also leading to muscle weakness.
For this experiment I placed 8 oz of milk, fat free because it was all that I had available, in a glass jar and let sit in a dark warm place for about 3 days.
Hypothesis:
I believe the bacteria in the milk are going to wake up and consume the lactose making the milk less sweet and more sour. A separation of protein and liquid should occur making “curdle”.
Observations:
After day 1 I could see no visible changes in the milk.
After day 3 a noticeable separation of liquid and protein occurred as well as a strong sour smell.
Some possible factors that could have effected the experiment were the temperature in the room. Also another factor was using fat free milk as using another kind of milk could have different results. I observed a total separation of liquid and protein as well as a strong sour smell. My hypothesis is that the bacteria present in the milk was no longer asleep from the cold and started consuming the carbohydrates at a rapid rate producing lactic acid and a separation of protein and water.
One way I could test my hypothesis is to somehow record the amount of sugars present in the milk before and after the experiment.
Part 2 Juice
Room temperature water:
I observed the juice mixing with the water with a tendency to settle a little lower than the water.
Ice water:
I observed the juice mixing with the water much slower as well as a larger tendency to settle at the bottom and avoid the ice cubes at the top. In ice water the molecule have slowed down and in the actual ice have much stronger bonds. This makes the diffusion process slower.
Boiling water:
There seemed to be a lot more action and swirling when I poured the juice in which lead to a quicker rate of mixing. In boiling water the molecules are moving about rapidly thus making the diffusion process faster and easier.
Part 3 Carrot
Pour two cups of room temperature water into two jars or cups.
Add two teaspoons of salt into one and label it "Salt Water.”
Label the other cup "Fresh Water."
Cut a fresh carrot in half.
Measure the length and width of both pieces and record in Table 1.
Tie a piece of string just below the cut side of the carrot on both pieces.
Tie the string tightly.
Set one carrot with the cut-end side down into one cup and the other with the cut-end side down in the second cup.
Leave the carrots in the jars for 24 hours.
Remove the carrots.
Re-measure the carrots and record the findings in Table 1.
12. After both carrots had been soaking for 24 hours a noticeable change in string had been detected.
The string attached the carrot in the salt water has gotten considerably looser and slipped off of the carrot easily.
13. The texture of the carrot in the fresh water had not changed. The texture of the carrot in the salt water has gotten much softer. It was easy to bend and soft to the touch.
Carrot before putting in salt water: Length-9.75, Width-5.25
Carrot before putting in fresh water: Length-9.5, Width-4.5
Carrot after time in salt water: Length-9.25, Width-5
Carrot after time in fresh water: Length-9.5, Width-4.5
Explanation:
The carrot placed in salt water solution had changed considerably. By mixing the solute salt into a water solvent I made a salt water solution creating a hypertonic state. The hypotonic state in the fresh water caused no noticeable changes to occur in the carrot.
Part 4 Organelles and Illness.
Patient 1
History:
Seven year-old male
Fatigue
Muscle Weakness
Low endurance
Loss of coordination
Progressive difficulty walking
Physical Examination:
Muscle loss & deformity
Awkward gait
Difficulty breathing
Laboratory Results:
Cells have abnormal shape
Cells division is abnormal
Impaired intracellular movement of materials
The malfunctioning Organelle appears to be Cytoskeleton. The Cytoskeleton is located throughout our cells and is essentially our cells framework and supports the cells structure. An abnormal Cytoskeleton disrupts the division process causing an unusual shape of cells to take place which can be seen through a microscope. This is causing the patients muscle weakness, difficulty breathing, and low endurance.
Patient 2
History:
55 year-old female
Excellent health to date
Fatigue
Headaches
Excessive salivation
Nausea
Vomiting
Diarrhea
Vertigo
Abdominal Pain
Weight Loss
Psychological Stress
Marital Stress
Physical Examination:
Swelling of eyelids
Partial limb paralysis
Hyperkeratosis (increased pigmentation) of the skin on the palms & soles
White banding on fingernails
Muscle weakness
Laboratory Results
Low levels of ATP production
Unusually high levels of arsenic
Abnormal levels of cell death-not due to apoptosis (programmed cell death) - rather cell death appears to be due to lack of energy to maintain homeostasis due to low levels of ATP
The malfunctioning Organelle appears to be a malfunctioning mitochondria. ATP is the source of energy for all cells and is produced by the mitochondria. Arsenic greatly diminishes the ATP production. Disease of the mitochondria can cause spontaneous muscle movements leading to vomiting and diarrhea.
Patient 3
History:
2-day old male
Low birth-weight (4 lbs 5 ounces)
Dificulty suckling/swallowing
Seizures
Gastrointestinal bleeding
Physical Examination:
Enlarged liver
Low muscle tone/inability to move
Glaucoma
Facial deformities
Impaired hearing
Jaundice skin
Laboratory Results:
High levels of Hydrogen peroxide in cells
High levels of fats and amino acids in cells
The Malfunctioning Organelle appears to be Peroxisome which are responsible for the breakdown of fats, amino acids, and the overall removal of toxic waste produced by cells. When Peroxisomes are malfunctioning waste can not be removed as efficiently leading to an enlarged liver and elevated hydrogen peroxide levels.
Patient 4
History:
42 year-old male
No major health issue to date
Notable increase in weight over past month- gain of 17 pounds
Recent lethargy
Patient is on a new eating regimen-everymeal is from a “fast-food” restaurant
Physical Examination:
Enlarged liver
Muscle weakness
Laboratory Results:
Negavtive for hepatitis
Excessive glycogen granules in liver
High levels of fat in liver-abnormal fat metabolism
Low testosterone levels
Abnormal cell calcium balance
The Malfunctioning Organelle appears to be the smooth endoplasmic reticulum which is responsible for the breakdown of fats into hormones. The patients diet of fast food is full of excessive amounts of unhealthy fats that are unable to be broken down and being stored in his liver. Since testosterone is manufactured from fats and the patients inability to process them it has lead to his low testosterone levels also leading to muscle weakness.
BIO 105 Ecosystems Lab
Rainforest
1. What is the function of the Center for Tropical Forest Science (CTFS)?
A group who study the rainforest of the world who work together to find out how rain forests function and how they are going to change for in the future.
2. Why are the trees given the title of “engineers” of the tropical rain forest? Trees provide the habitat that all organisms depend on. Trees create the structure in the forest and are central to the ecosystem.
3. Why does a high-density species suffer greater mortality rates than rare density species?
High-density species, or common species, have many pathogens that have adapted to it and are more likely to get attacked and die more often also known as density-dependent processes.
4. Why do tropical rain forests have such immense diversity? How do they maintain their diversity? Each species of trees create a special environment for many different kinds of organisms which create diversity.
One way trees have adapted is that they become specialists to survive in harsh conditions.
5. What role do tropical forests play in stabilizing climate and atmosphere?
Rainforest's absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and by cutting down trees it is contributing to climate change.
A group who study the rainforest of the world who work together to find out how rain forests function and how they are going to change for in the future.
2. Why are the trees given the title of “engineers” of the tropical rain forest? Trees provide the habitat that all organisms depend on. Trees create the structure in the forest and are central to the ecosystem.
3. Why does a high-density species suffer greater mortality rates than rare density species?
High-density species, or common species, have many pathogens that have adapted to it and are more likely to get attacked and die more often also known as density-dependent processes.
4. Why do tropical rain forests have such immense diversity? How do they maintain their diversity? Each species of trees create a special environment for many different kinds of organisms which create diversity.
One way trees have adapted is that they become specialists to survive in harsh conditions.
5. What role do tropical forests play in stabilizing climate and atmosphere?
Rainforest's absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and by cutting down trees it is contributing to climate change.
Yellowstone National Park
6. What is the focus of Robert Crabtree’s research project in Yellowstone National Park?
To research the cascading effect of the elimination and reintroduction of the Wolf.
7. What was the cascade effect of the elimination of the Park’s wold population after 1926? Consider the following in your answer: willow, beaver, and elk populations. After eliminating the wolf the elk population skyrocketed and started consuming most of the vegetation in the Lamar Valley. Many species, such as beavers, that depended on this vegetation dwindled in population. Willow is a main staple in the elks diet and has since been almost extinct from the rapid consumption of the growing elk population.
8. Food chains and webs can be shaped from the “top down” or from the “bottom up”. Which of these two categories best describes the wolf reintroduction project of 1995 and 1996?
The effect of reintroducing a carnivore, such as the wolf, to Yellowstone Park has a “top down” shape on the ecosystem.
9. What are the “hot spots” in Yellowstone and how are they important o the wolf reintroduction research project?
The “hot spots” in Yellowstone have the most biodiversity and consist of streams, rivers, and lakes known as riparian habitats. By reintroducing the wolf it has effected the willow population.
10. How can the data from a tropical rainforest that explains species diversity and abundance be helpful in managing and protecting temperate forests such as those in Yellowstone National Park or any other ecosystem on earth.
By learning from the interactions of different species in rain forests we are able to gain reference for understanding preservations methods in other ecosystems.
11. Sketch or represent in some way the pyramid of energy flow for willows, beavers, elk, and wolves in Yellowstone National Park. Label the percent of high quality energy that persists at each level.
Wolves < Beavers and Elk < Willows
Wolves depend on beavers and elk for food source thus using 10% of the high quality energy.
Beavers and Elk consume the willow for there nutrition and are using 10% of the energy.
Willow absorb the sunlight for there energy thus using 100% of available energy.
To research the cascading effect of the elimination and reintroduction of the Wolf.
7. What was the cascade effect of the elimination of the Park’s wold population after 1926? Consider the following in your answer: willow, beaver, and elk populations. After eliminating the wolf the elk population skyrocketed and started consuming most of the vegetation in the Lamar Valley. Many species, such as beavers, that depended on this vegetation dwindled in population. Willow is a main staple in the elks diet and has since been almost extinct from the rapid consumption of the growing elk population.
8. Food chains and webs can be shaped from the “top down” or from the “bottom up”. Which of these two categories best describes the wolf reintroduction project of 1995 and 1996?
The effect of reintroducing a carnivore, such as the wolf, to Yellowstone Park has a “top down” shape on the ecosystem.
9. What are the “hot spots” in Yellowstone and how are they important o the wolf reintroduction research project?
The “hot spots” in Yellowstone have the most biodiversity and consist of streams, rivers, and lakes known as riparian habitats. By reintroducing the wolf it has effected the willow population.
10. How can the data from a tropical rainforest that explains species diversity and abundance be helpful in managing and protecting temperate forests such as those in Yellowstone National Park or any other ecosystem on earth.
By learning from the interactions of different species in rain forests we are able to gain reference for understanding preservations methods in other ecosystems.
11. Sketch or represent in some way the pyramid of energy flow for willows, beavers, elk, and wolves in Yellowstone National Park. Label the percent of high quality energy that persists at each level.
Wolves < Beavers and Elk < Willows
Wolves depend on beavers and elk for food source thus using 10% of the high quality energy.
Beavers and Elk consume the willow for there nutrition and are using 10% of the energy.
Willow absorb the sunlight for there energy thus using 100% of available energy.
Friday, February 7, 2014
Personal Field Trip
1. The name of my chose body of water is the Oak Creek.
2. The location of this Creek starts in the Oak Creek canyon and flow about 40 miles eventually leading into the Verde River. The spot I like to go to is about 5 miles from my house.
3.
5. This stream, or collection of streams, eventually flow into the Verde River.
6. Three species of fish that habitat this stream are Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), Largemouth Bass (Micropterus salmoides), and Flathead Catfish (Pylodictis olivaris).
7. I was not able to find any information about non-native fish in the Oak Creek.
8. The agency responsible for this stream is called The Oak Creek Watershed Council.
9. The mission of this agency is “Maintaining a standard of excellence for this watershed stewardship and preserving the integrity of Oak Creek.”
10. Having native fish in the Oak Creek enhances the quality of life for residents by providing a local food source that is natural to our environment. Native fish to the Oak Creek have been consuming the same source of food for years and is an important piece of keeping the natural wildlife in balance.
11. All of the fish in the Oak Creek are at Risk of disease and/or extinction. The main ones in Danger are The Largemouth Bass (Micropterus salmoides), Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), and Flathead Catfish (Pylodictis olivaris). The cause of this risk is the increase of fecal contamination Escherichia coli (E. coli). Actions are being taken right now to secure the protection of the Oak Creeks and solve this contamination issue.
12. The Oak Creek is much smaller, both in width and length, than the Verde River. The Oak Creek eventually flows into the Verde River so can be considered a part of it is some respect. One of the many vegetations that grow along or near the Oak Creek is watercress. A spring located in Munds Canyone that flows into the Oak Creek has a surplus of watercress in a few areas that I have eaten many times. It is delicious and nutritious. Other vegetation that grows along the Oak Creek is Black Walnut, Wild Grapes, Black Berries.
Many forms of Wildlife can be found near the Oak Creek such as: Elk, Deer, Rabbits, Snakes, Mountain Lions, Bobcats, and Coyotes. The width of the creek can range anywhere from 10 feet to about 30 feet and though usually shallow for the majority it can reach up 10 feet deep in certain locations.
13. I learned a lot about the origin of the Oak Creek for instance how it comes from many Seeps and Springs that percolate through the Coconino Sandstone from the Mogollon Rim. Another key piece of information I learned about this Stream is the accumulation of fecal matter that is continuously putting its habitat and local attendants at risk for water related illnesses.
14. One question I have about the Oak Creek in particular is how they are specifically cleaning it and have they been successful in reducing the contamination of fecal matter and presence of E. Coli Bacteria.
Tuesday, February 4, 2014
Virtual Microscope Lab
Part 1.
1. When you begin the condenser knob should be all the way up.
2. Start with the 4x objective in place.
3. Raise the rheostat to 10.
4. Move slide using the X Y controls.
5. You close the iris before looking into the microscope as to not blind ourselves.
6. You eyes should be three quarters on an inch away from the oculars works best.
7. Increase light by opening the iris.
8. Highest magnifying objective is called oil immersion
9. The oil immersion procedure is done by placing a drop of oil in the center of the specimen between the 40x and 100x objective.
10. Clean slides with Chemwipes, clean objectives by turning out and clean with lens paper.
11. To successfully shut down the microscope you remove the slide and clean it. Place the objective back to 4x, close the iris and turn down the rheostat to 1. Finally you can turn off the microscope.
Part 2.
1.The 4x objective must be in place when you remove a slide and place a new slide on the stage of your scope.
2. You must use the 4x objective when you first start looking at a slide.
3. You must adjust the amount of light when looking at thin and/or transparent cells or tissue sections such as onion or amoeba cells.
4. You can adjust the rheostat and iris control to decrease light intensity and the amount of light passing through the scope.
5. The 4x objective allows you to see the largest are of the object that you are viewing.
6. You are magnifying something by 100x when using the 10x oculars and 10x objectives.
7. You are magnifying something 40x when using the 10x oculars and 4x objectives.
8. The course control knob is first used when you begin to look at a slide.
9. You need to adjust the oculars if you an see two overlapping circus with part of the objective in each circle.
Part 3.
Bacterial capsule is a pink oval with silver color cells inside.
The cheek smear has scattered cells around it.
The letter “e” is lower case and upside down.
The onion root tip is a long cone shape.
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